Scholarly commentary:
    Only Georgian (Iberian) imitations to Roman coins are struck on the territory of Colchis/Lazica and Kartli/Iberia in late Antiquity. However, there was one place populated by West Georgian people – namely, Trapezus, which issued municipal copper coins in the 2nd-3rd cc. Name of Roman Emperor is on obverse, while the name of community – on reverse.
    We lack the written sources about the political, as well as cultural and religious history of Trapezus of the 2nd-3rd cc. That is why scholars pay much attention to the artefacts, including the coins. From this point of view, a hoard of municipal copper coins of Trapezus dated back to the 2nd-3rd cc. A.D. and found during Bichvinta archaeological excavations in 1958 is of special importance. The hoard seems to be placed in a purse, since fragments of textiles are discovered on coins.
    Before Bichvinta excavations, municipal copper coins of Trapezus had not been found outside the city. Based on this, some scholars insisted on the fact that Trapezus did not have independent trade and economic policy and its coins were only of local importance.
    Archaeological excavations of Bichvinta and in Sokhumi in 1959 rejected this thesis. The fact is that, not only the hoard was found there – discovery of a single coins of Trapezus became common in these places. This fact is of great importance not only for economic history of the city, but for the study of its political status.
    Bichvinta hoard contained 149 coins. Ten of them are silver coins, while 139 are the 2nd-3rd cc. municipal copper coins of Trapezus. The latest coin of the hoard belongs to Philip Junior (244/247-249) and is dated back to 244/245, so the hoard was deposited after 244/245.
    Before Bichvinta and Sokhumi discoveries coins of Trapezus were something of a rarity.
    If we take into account findings in Bichvinta and Sokhumi, all information in literature about the coins, also samples and imprints kept in different museums and private collections, we will find out that 340-350 samples of municipal copper coins of Trapezus are found up today. About 230 out of them are found in Bichvinta (numbers cannot be absolutely precise).
    Mithras, the god of the Sun and light, is portrayed on the reverse of 210-220 coins out of 340-350 samples, Tyche – on 50-55 samples, Dionysus – on 17 samples, Serapis – on 12 samples, Abundantia – on 12 samples, Apollo – on 6 samples, Hermes – on 2 samples, Hercules – on 1 sample, Rhea Cybele – on 1 sample, Pales – on 1 sample.
    These numbers assure us that Mithras was the major deity of Trapezus. Mithras, the god of the Sun and light, is not of Greek origin. The question is: why was he so important in the Greek city? This will be understandable if we take into consideration the words of Xenophon, that Trapezus was “an inhabited Greek city on the Euxine Sea, a colony of the Sinopeans on the territory of Colchis”. Evidently majority of the city population should have consisted of non-Greeks. This is much obvious from the information of Flavius Arrianus, legatus of Emperor Hadrian. Describing the city, he writes to the Emperor: “Two altars of rough stone are still standing there now; but, from the coarseness of the materials, the letters inscribed upon them are indistinctly engraven, and the inscription itself is incorrectly written, as is common among barbarous people... Your statue, which stands there, has merit in the idea of the figure, as it represents you pointing towards the sea; but it bears no resemblance to the original, and the execution is in other respects but indifferent... A temple is there constructed, built of squared stone”. As we can see, Arrianus directly indicates that Greek inscriptions are written by the “barbarians”. It is obvious that the Colchians are meant under the “barbarians”. Even more, not only the majority of Trapezus’ population, but also ruling classes should be of “barbarian” origin. It is difficult to imagine the Greek officials could authorize a creation of Hadrian’s statue with non-Greek art concepts. So, there was ethnic basis for triumph of Mithras in Trapezus. From this point of view, some information from national Georgian narrative “Kartlis Tskhovreba” (The Life of Kartli) is very interesting: “and Andrew (St. Andrew) came to the city of Trapezus, which is the country of Mingrelians (i.e. West Georgians)”. There is no sign of Mithras’ cult in other Hellenic cities of Asia Minor during these times. We should underline that municipal copper coins of Trapezus with the effigy of Mithras are unparalleled in the numismatics of other cities and kingdoms.
    However, the question is – is there really Mithras depicted on the reverse of municipal copper coins of Trapezus?
    We need to follow evolution of Mithras’ effigy on the coins in order to answer the question. At first, Mithras’ bust in radiant Phrygian cap is depicted on them. Then protome of horse was added. Three samples of Trapezus’ coins found in Bichvinta have fantastic illustration. We did not find any parallel to it in literature. Stylized effigy of enthroned horse is linked with Mithras. Such is Mithras on the 2nd c. coins. And from the end of the 2nd c. Mithras is already equestrian. An altar is in front of the equestrian, and a horse has its right leg raised over it. Later Tree of Life was added, on which snake is coiled sometimes. On even later stage, accompanying persons appeared in front and behind of Mithras as equestrian. Column emerged beside altar, where Amor stands, but mostly – a crow, and a star above it. Finally, snake below was added to all.
    Earlier, famous specialist of Mithraic mysteries, F. Cumont expressed opinion that the equestrian on municipal copper coins of Trapezus is not actually Mithras, but – syncretic deity, which united the functions of Mithras and Men, Cappadocian deity of the Moon. F. Cumont had the real evidence, since Mithras was rarely depicted as equestrian, while this is common for Men. Famous specialists of Antiquity, W. H. Waddington, E. Babelon, Th. Reinach and M. Maksimova rejected this idea with argument that attribute of Men – crescent – is nor present on the coins. However, there is a counterargument which is very difficult to revoke.
    In scientific literature nine gems are known up today with Mithras depicted in the same pose, as it is on municipal copper coins of Trapezus. The similarity is absolute: equestrian before altar and Tree of Life. The most important is that two of them, one kept in Berlin museum (unknown provenance) and the other found in Karsniskhevi (Mtskheta district, Georgia), have a depiction of a star and crescent above, in front and behind the equestrian. Undoubtedly, equestrian on municipal copper coins of Trapezus and the gems is not “pure” Mithras, but – syncretic deity, unifying the functions of solar, lunar and star deities.
    Mithra/Mithras was very popular in Kartvelian (Georgian) world. Georgian pagan calendar even had a month dedicated to the Mithraic festival – Mirkani (Mihrkani). Silver cups with depiction of a horse with raised leg are found in Bori (Kharagauli district, Georgia) and Armazi. Sh. Amiranashvili connected them to the cult of Mithra. Pinakes with horses were also found in Zguderi (Kareli district, Georgia) and during the construction of Zahesi (Zemo Avchala hydroelectric power station) channel. A little bronze altar found in Zguderi is of special importance. This is shaped like a temple with a door and dome like drilled cone of pine-tree. Altar on municipal copper coins of Trapezus is a copy of the Zguderi one.
    One fact should be emphasized: a horse with radiant mane on Bori cup looks very much like a horse on municipal copper coins of Trapezus. We will have the total similarity without the equestrian. On Bori cup as well as on municipal copper coins of Trapezus a horse with radiant mane is depicted standing with raised leg over altar.
    We should stress the importance of one fact: out of nine gems with identical depiction (see above) eight are discovered in Georgia (5 – in Urbnisi, Kareli district, 2 – in the suburbs of Mtskheta and 1 – in Kutaisi). The ninth gem, which is kept in Berlin Museum, was bought by Baron Rosen in Constantinople and, in specialists’ opinion, could be produced in Trapezus. However, there is a possibility for this gem to be made in Georgia.
    Summing up all above-mentioned, we get interesting picture: municipal copper coins of Trapezus with the effigy of Mithras have parallel in synchronous gems found (or made) in Georgia. So, claim about Kartvelian (Georgian) origin of this syncretic deity is logical one. Therefore, municipal copper coins of Trapezus should be included in the list of the Georgian numismatic monuments, since Trapezus was located on the territory of Colchis (Upper Colchis), majority of population consisted of local, “barbarian” tribes and the ideas of the effigies on the coins are closely connected to the ancient Kartvelian beliefs.
    One more question is to be discussed. It has been long time since an idea was expressed in scientific literature – namely that Saint George should have replaced old main pagan deity in the beliefs of Georgian people. Also, as it was mentioned many times in literature, fantastic motifs (ex. fight with a dragon) in Saint George’s life should be originated from the Georgian roots and Georgia, “classical country of Saint George’s legend”, should be estimated as its homeland. Municipal copper coins of Trapezus can tell much about it.
    According to Iv. Javakhishvili, Saint George replaced lunar deity in the beliefs of the Georgian people, who was main god in pagan Georgia. On the other hand, on the basis of ethnographic material S. Makalatia concluded that Mirsa or Mithra must have been predecessor of Saint George. Several festivals, “Mirsoba”, “Meisaroba” and “Jegemisarioni”, which are still preserved in Western Georgia, are its testimonies.
    Perhaps, deity depicted on municipal copper coins of Trapezus and on the gems found in Georgia is the pagan god who was replaced by Saint George. This suggestion is supported not only by the remnants of solar and lunar worship in Saint George’s rituals, but also – by great iconographical similarity between the god on municipal copper coins of Trapezus and Saint George equestrian. If we give a spear to the former, he will look exactly like Saint George.
    There is an opinion that the earliest depictions of Saint George equestrian come from Georgia. Two steles of Saint George equestrian of Early Feudal period found on the territory of Kvemo (Lower) Kartli (in Aghik and Burdadzor, Marneuli district) are kept in Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts, Tbilisi. Saint George equestrian killing a dragon is depicted on Burdadzor stele. Tree of Life and astral signs (the Sun, the Moon, a star) in medallions are carved on stele. The Moon is represented in the form of bull’s head, having crescent-shaped horns. Saint George with Tree of Life is depicted on Aghik stele. Dragon is below on both steles, like a snake on municipal copper coins of Trapezus. Link between municipal copper coins of Trapezus and the steles is obvious. The steles are the next step of development.
    Trapezus began to issue the coins in the 4th c. B.C., but only for a short time. In 63 A.D. Trapezus received the status of free city and its era is reckoned from this point. Under Emperor Trajan Trapezus starts to strike the coins. They show the Greek deities too, thus attesting to the Greeks living there together with the Colchians.

Mint: Trapezus.

Nominal: Several nominals were struck; ex. the weights range from 2,14 to 26, 60 gr.

Date: the 2nd-3rd cc.

Collection: Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia – more than 100 samples, ex. GF. (Fund of Treasury, Numismatic Collection, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia) №11749, GF. №11750; Hermitage, Saint-Petersburg – 7 samples; British Museum – 11 samples; Berlin Museum – 3 samples; National Library of France, Paris – several dozens.

Bibliography: G. Dundua. Pitius-Bichvinta According to Numismatic Material. Accounting Archaeological Session. Tb. 1962 (in Georg.); Monetary Circulation and Trade-Economic Relations in Bichvinta in the 2nd c. B.C. - 4th c. A.D. According to Numismatic Material. “Didi Pitiunti”. Vol. I. Tb. 1975 (in Georg.); Once Again About Reverse Iconography of Trapezus’ Coins. “Didi Pitiunti”. Vol. II. Tb. 1977 (in Georg.); Georgian Numismatics. I. Tb. 2006 (T. Dundua as co-author) (in Georg.); Georgian Numismatic Dictionary. Tb. 2009 (Ir. Jalaghania as co-author) (in Georg.).

T. Dundua. Colchis, Iberia and the Kingdom of Pontus According to Numismatic Material. Tb. 1993 (in Georg.); Georgia and the West According to Numismatic Material. Vol. I-II. Tb. 1995 (in Georg.); Georgian Ethnocultural Evolution and the West According to Numismatic Material. Tb. 1997 (in Georg.); Money in Georgia (Georg. and Engl. parallel texts) (G. Dundua, N. Javakhishvili and A. Eristavi as co-authors). Tb. 2003 (2nd Edition); ΜΙΘΡΑΣ in Georgia (N. Silagadze as co-author). Tb. 2010 (in Georg.).

D. Kapanadze. Numismatic Material Found By Bichvinta Archaeological Expedition. Accounting Archaeological Session. Tb. 1959 (in Georg.); Georgian Numismatics. Tb. 1969 (in Georg.).

Г. Ф. Дундуа. Клад трапезундских монет II-III вв. из Пицунды. Материалы сессии, посвященной итогам археологических и этнографических исследовании 1964 года в СССР (тезисы докладов). Баку. 1965.

Д. Г. Капанадзе. Грузинская нумизматика. М. 1955; Нумизматические находки пицундской археологической экспедиции за 1953-1959 гг. Вестник Древней Истории (ВДИ). №4. 1966.

G. Dundua. Das numismatische Material von Pityunt (2 Jh. v. Chr.-5 Jh. n. Chr.). Georgica. 18 Jahrgang. 1995 (G. Lordkipanidze as co-author)

T. Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration as Seen in Coinage. Catalogue of Georgian Coins. Tb. 1999;  Influx of Roman Coins in Georgia. Roman Coins Outside the Empire. Ways and Phases, Contexts and Functions. Proceedings of the ESF/SCH Exploratory Wokshop. Radziwill Palace, Nieborow (Poland). 3-6 September 2005. Moneta 82. Wetteren, Belgium. 2008; Georgia within the European Integration. Graeco-Roman World, Byzantine Commonwealth, Orthodox Alliance and the Georgians. Tb. 2013.

Imported coins found in Georgia:
    A big amount of coins of the 1st-4th cc. is found in Colchis. Therefore we take the material unearthed by Bichvinta archaeological expedition as an example for coastal line and the three hoards of the Roman coins (the 1st-3rd cc.) as an example for hinterland. The hoards are found in different times in the following villages: Ghurzuli (Gulripshi district. This hoard is known as Gerzeuli hoard in scientific literature, including Georgian, according to Russian name of the settlement), Eki (Senaki district) and Sepieti (Abasha district).

I. Bichvinta and its environs:

Bichvinta archaeological expedition unearthed almost 1500 coins on the territory of Bichvinta. Many of them are found as part of four hoards. 114 more coins were found in Bichvinta later, however, new finds did not challenge the concepts developed earlier. Therefore, we will use old indications of quantities, although – refer to new material in case of necessity.

Coins of the 2nd-1st cc. B.C.:
1. 2nd c. B.C. copper coin of Chersonesus.
2. 2nd c. B.C. copper coin of Laodicea in Phrygia.
3. Tetrachalkon struck in the times of Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 B.C.).

a) Coins of the 1st c. A.D.:
1. Dupondius of Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.).
2. Aureus of Nero (54-68).
3. Drachm of Polemon II of Pontus (38-63).
4. The so-called quasi-municipal copper coin of Amastris.

b) Coins of the 2nd c.:
    More than 60 coins of the 2nd c. are unearthed in Bichvinta. 17 coins are made of silver, the others – of copper. The list of the coins differentiated according to the rulers and countries is as follows:

1. Hadrian (117-138) – 8 samples.
2. Antoninus Pius (138-161) – 5 samples.
3. Lucius Verus (161-169) – 2 samples.
4. Lucilla – 1 sample.
5. Commodus (180-192) – 13 samples.
6. Septimius Severus (193-211) – 3 samples.

Coins of the Bosphoran kingdom:
7. Coin of Kotys II (123-132) – 1 sample.
8. Coin of Sauromates II (174-210) – 1 sample.

Undefined:
9. Undefined coins dated back to the end of the 2nd c. – 17 samples (coins, especially the copper ones, are poorly preserved in Bichvinta marshy lands. It is very difficult to attribute them. Therefore, general quantity of coins and of defined ones sometimes will not coincide).

    30 pieces out of above-mentioned coins are struck at Trapezus (municipal copper coins of Trapezus), 10 – at Caesarea of Cappadocia, 2 – in the kingdom of Bosphorus, 7 pieces, silver as well as copper – at Rome, 1 sample – at Pautalia (Thrace) and 1 – at some oriental mint.

c) Coins of the first half of the 3rd c.:
    The 3rd c. is a period of prosperity in Pitius/Bichvinta’s life. More than 350 coins of the 3rd c., found in Bichvinta, are very good illustration of it. More than 250 samples belong to the 1st half of the 3rd c.

Bichvinta/Pitius hoard:
    149 coins form a hoard. The structure of Pitius hoard is as follows:

1. Municipal copper of Trapezus dated back to the 2nd-3rd cc. (Lucius Verus (161-169)-Philip Senior (244-249)) – 139 samples.

Silver issues of Caesarea:
2. Didrachm of Hadrian (117-138) – 4 samples.
3. Didrachm of Commodus (180-192) – 1 sample.
4. Drachm of Septimius Severus (193-211) – 2 samples.
5. Drachm of Julia Domna – 1 sample.
6. Drachm of Geta (209-212) – 1 sample.
7. Drachm of Caracalla (211-217) – 1 sample.

    Terminus post quem for the hoard is 245. The deposit may have been buried under the threat of Gothic invasion from Crimea in 252. Both, Pitius and Dioscurias/Sebastopolis show 238 samples of Trapezuntine municipal issues.
    In general, these more than 250 pieces are struck in the name of the following Emperors and their wives:

1. Septimius Severus (193-211).
2. Julia Domna.
3. Caracalla (211-217).
4. Geta (209-212).
5. Elagabalus (218-222).
6. Severus Alexander (222-235).
7. Julia Maesa.
8. Gordian III (238-244).
9. Tranquillina.
10. Philip Senior (244-249).
11. Otacilia Severa.
12. Philip Junior (247-249).

    Absolute majority of the coins of first half of the 3rd c. are struck in the mints of Asia Minor (municipal copper of Trapezus – 191 samples; silver coins of Caesarea – 31 samples; copper of Neocaesarea – 3 samples; of Sinope – 1 sample; of Amisus (?) – 1 sample; of Nicomedia – 1 sample).

d) Coins of the 2nd half of the 3rd c.:
    More than 100 coins (mostly copper) of the 2nd half of the 3rd c. were found in Bichvinta: 70 pieces are struck at Rome, including antoniniani; Antioch – 11 samples; Cyzicus – 6 samples; other mints – Mediolanum, Ticinum, Siscia, Thessalonica – are represented by unique samples.

Coins are struck in the name of the following Emperors:
1. Trebonianus Gallus (251-253).
2. Volusian (251-253).
3. Gallienus (253-268).
4. Salonina.
5. Claudius II Gothicus (268-270).
6. Aurelian (270-275).
7. Tacitus (275-276).
8. Probus (276-282).
9. Carinus (283-285).
10. Diocletian (284-305).
11. Maximian (286-305, 306-308, 310).
12. Constantius I Chlorus (293-306).
13. Galerius (292-311).

Coins of the Bosphoran kingdom:
1. Copper coin of Rhescuporis V (240-267) struck in 264 is found in Bichvinta.

e) Coins of the 4th c.:
More than 500 coins of the 4th c. are found in Bichvinta. 310 out of them form a hoard. The hoard consists of the Roman small copper coins. They are struck in the name of the following Emperors:

1. Constantine I (306-337) – 11 samples.
2. Helena – 4 samples.
3. Constantine I (coins struck after his death) – 52 samples.
4. Constantine II (337-340) – 6 samples.
5. Constantius II (337-361) – 102 samples.
6. Constans (337-350) – 75 samples.
7. Either Constantius II (337-361), or Constans (337-350) – 60 samples.

    Coins were struck in the following mints: Constantinople – 20; Antioch – 87; Nicomedia – 51; Cyzicus – 31; Alexandria – 10; Siscia – 9; Thessalonica – 1; undefined – 101.

Single finds:

Single finds of the Roman coins provide us with the following names:

1. Licinius (308-324).
2. Constantine I (306-337).
3. Helena.
4. Crispus.
5. Constantine I (coins struck after his death).
6. Constantine II (337-340).
7. Constantius II (337-361).
8. Constans (337-350).
9. Valentinian II (375-392).

Mints: Antioch – 30; Constantinople – 20; Nicomedia – 11; Cyzicus – 5; Thessalonica – 6; Siscia – 7; Trier – 1; Sirmium – 1; Alexandria – 1; undefined – 127.

Coins of the Bosporan kingdom:

1. Coin of Rhescuporis VI (318-333).

II. Hoards from hinterland:

a) Ghurzuli (Gerzeuli) hoard
    In 1926 a big hoard was discovered in Ghurzuli village (Gulripshi district, 11-12 km. far from the seashore) by chance. Unfortunately, the hoard was dispersed. Famous archaeologist M. Ivashchenko managed to study the preserved part of the hoard (469 samples) and published it with the comments of N. A. Zograf. The hoard contained the following foreign coins:

1. Denarius of Augustus (27 B.C. -14 A.D.) – 1 sample.

Caesareian silver issues:
2. Nero (54-68) – 1 sample.
3. Vespasian (69-79) – 30 samples.
4. Domitian (81-96) – 9 samples.
5. Nerva (96-98) – 22 samples.
6. Trajan (98-117) – 165 samples.
7. Hadrian (117-138) – 90 samples.
8. Antoninus Pius (138-161) and M. Aurelius – 122 samples.
9. L. Verus – 28 samples.

    Nominals: hemidrachm, drachm, didrachm.
    Hoard contained Georgian imitation to Lysimachus’ type staters – 1 sample.

b) Eki hoard
    The hoard was found in Eki village (Senaki district) in 1971 during agricultural works. It was placed in ceramic vessel. Preserved part of the hoard contains 907 coins. One of the coins is a Parthian drachm, very rare for this region.

The structure of the hoard is as follows:

1. Orodes II of Parthia (57-38/37 B.C.) – 1 sample.
2. Caesareian didrachm of Nerva (96-98) – 1 sample.
3. Caesareian didrachm of Trajan (98-117) – 2 samples.
4. Caesareian didrachm of Hadrian (117-138) – 712 samples.
5. Caesareian didrachm of Antoninus Pius (138-161) – 55 samples.
6. Caesareian didrachm of L. Verus – 1 sample.
7. Denarius of Commodus (180-192), struck at Rome – 1 sample.
8. Denarius of Pertinax (193), struck at Rome – 5 samples.
9. Denarius of Pescennius Niger (193-194), struck at Rome – 1 sample.
10. Denarius of Septimius Severus (193-211) – 101 samples (mints: Rome (12), Orient (84), Alexandria (5)).
11. Denarius of Julia Domna – 14 samples, struck at Rome (5) and Oriental mint (9), and Caesareian drachm – 1 sample.
12. Denarius of Caracalla (211-217) struck at Rome – 2, and Caesareian drachm – 1 sample.
13. Denarius of Geta (209-212) – 1 sample, struck either at Rome or Antioch, and Caesareian drachm – 1 sample.
14. Caesareian drachm of Elagabalus (218-222) – 1 sample.
15. Denarius of Severus Alexander (222-235) – 6 samples, struck at Rome (1) and Oriental mint (5).

    Caesareian output numbers 775 as many; denarii – 131, mostly struck at Oriental mints. Absolute majority of Caesareian output are didrachms and 4 samples are drachms.
The latest coin of the hoard belongs to the period of Alexander Severus. It was struck in 222, i.e. Eki hoard was buried in 222 or after 222.

c) Sepieti hoard:
Sepieti hoard was found by chance in February 1931 in Sepieti village (Abasha district) during agricultural works. The hoard was placed in ceramic vessel. The content of the hoard was published by S. Makalatia. It consisted of 377 silver coins and their list according to the Emperors is as follows:

1. Trajan (98-117) – 2 samples.
2. Hadrian (117-138) (?) – 1 sample.
3. Antoninus Pius (138-161) – 3 samples.
4. Marcus Aurelius (161-180) – 6 samples.
5. Commodus (180-192) – 33 samples.
6. Crispina– 1 sample.
7. Pertinax (193) – 1 sample.
8. Pescennius Niger (193-194) – 1 sample.
9. Clodius Albinus (193-197) – 7 samples.
10. Septimius Severus (193-211) – 227 samples.
11. Julia Domna – 27 samples.
12. Geta (209-212) – 9 samples.
13. Caracalla (211-217) – 18 samples.
14. Elagabalus (218-222) – 10 samples.
15. Severus Alexander (222-235) – 31 samples.

    Roman denarii form the majority of the hoard – 365 samples (mints: Emesa (158), Rome (118), Oriental mint (62)). There is also a few number of Caesareian coins (11) there. Mo¬ney of Septimius Severus dominates the hoard (227 pieces), mostly struck at Emesa in 194. Severus Alexander’s issue of 222 probably provides a certain date for the hoard deposit.

III. Foreign money in Argveti:

    Argveti, Eastern province of Colchis, in the 1st-4th cc. politically linked with Iberia, forms special numismatic region. It has eclectic character. Coins of four categories circulated there simultaneously: denarii of Augustus, Imperial denarii in general, the Parthian drachms and Caesareian silver. The 4th c. Roman gold coins have been found there later.

a) Roman coins:
1. Denarius of Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.), struck in Gaul (Lugdunum ?) in 2 B.C.-4 A.D. – 56 samples.
2. Denarius of Tiberius (14-37) – 1 sample (found in Jugheli village, Zestaponi district).
3. Denarius of Caligula (37-41) – 1 sample (found in Bori).
4. Caesareian hemidrachm of Nero (54-68) – 1 sample (found in Bori).
5. Caesareian didrachm of Nerva (96-98) – 3 samples (found in Kldeeti).
6. Caesareian didrachm of Trajan (98-117) – 1 sample (found in Bori).
7. Caesareian didrachm of Hadrian (117-138) – 2 samples (found in Kldeeti), and Caesareian hemidrachm – 2 samples (found in Bori).
8. Caesareian didrachm of Antoninus Pius (138-161) – 2 samples (found in Kldeeti).
9. Denarius of Faustina Junior – 1 sample (found in Bori).
10. Denarius of Julia Domna, struck at Laodicea – 1 sample.
11. Solidus of Constantine I (306-337), struck at Siscia – 1 sample.
12. Solidus of Constantius II (337-361), struck at Antioch – 2 samples.
13. Semissis of Constantine I (306-337), struck at Constantinople – 1 sample.
14. Semissis of Constantius II (337-361), struck at Antioch – 1 sample.
15. Triens of Constantius, struck at Antioch – 1 sample.

b) Coins of the Parthian kingdom:
1. The so-called Gotarzes’(40/1-51) drachm – 19 samples (Kldeeti – 8 samples, Bori – 9 samples, Zestaponi – 1 sample, Ilemi – 1 sample).

c) Coins of the kingdom of Pontus:
1. Drachm of Polemon II (38-63), struck in 57/58 – 1 sample.